Ethnicities & Society
Madagascar has 18 officially recognized ethnic groups (foko), all sharing the Malagasy language but maintaining different traditions, dialects, and ways of life.
The Main Groups
- Merina: Highland people around Tana, historically the dominant group (kingdom). Rice cultivation, fine craftsmanship, Asian-influenced facial features.
- Betsileo: Southern highlands, known as the best rice farmers in Madagascar. Spectacular rice terraces.
- Sakalava: West coast, descendants of a once-powerful kingdom. Fishermen, cattle breeders, strong ancestor cult.
- Antandroy: Extreme south, "people of the thorn forest." Extremely resilient, Zebu herders in the semi-arid steppe.
- Betsimisaraka: East coast, largest ethnic group in Madagascar. Fishermen and rice farmers.
- Antanosy & Antaimoro: Southeast, with strong Arab influence. The Antaimoro produce traditional bark paper, decorated with dried flowers.
- Vezo: Nomadic fishermen of the southwest coast, spending their entire lives on and by the sea. Masterful sailors in pirogues.
Fady — Taboos and Prohibitions
Fady are the most important concept of Malagasy culture — a complex system of taboos and prohibitions that regulate the entire social life. Every family, village, and region has its own Fady. Examples:
- On certain days, no work is allowed
- Certain animals must not be eaten
- In some places, whistling or wearing certain colors is forbidden
- Pregnant women must not do or eat certain things
As a traveler, it is essential to respect the local Fady. Always ask your guide before entering a sacred site, taking a photo, or doing anything that might be locally inappropriate. Disregarding a Fady is considered a serious offense.
