Religion & Spirituality

Mongolian spirituality is a fascinating blend of Tibetan Buddhism, ancient shamanism, and animistic nature beliefs. Even devout Buddhists respect the spirits of the mountains, rivers, and sky — and conversely, shamans visit Buddhist monasteries. This coexistence of different beliefs is typical for Mongolia and part of what makes the culture so fascinating.

Tibetan Buddhism

Tibetan Buddhism (Gelug school, like the Dalai Lama) came to Mongolia in the 16th century and became the dominant religion. At its peak, there were over 700 monasteries and a third of all male Mongolians were monks. The Soviets destroyed almost all monasteries in 1937/38 and killed or deported tens of thousands of monks — a cultural catastrophe. Since 1990, Buddhism has experienced a renaissance: over 200 monasteries have been rebuilt, and the Gandan Monastery in Ulaanbaatar is once again the spiritual center of the country.

Shamanism — The Older Faith

Before Buddhism, shamanism was the religion of the steppe peoples. Shamans are mediators between the visible world and the spirit world. They perform rituals, heal illnesses, and communicate with the spirits of ancestors, animals, and nature. Genghis Khan himself consulted shamans before his campaigns. Today, shamanistic practices are experiencing a revival — especially in remote regions and among the Tsaatan in the north.

Ovoo — Sacred Stone Piles

Throughout the Mongolian landscape, you see Ovoo — conical stone piles on mountain passes and hills, adorned with blue cloths (Khadag), bones, and prayer flags. Ovoo are offering sites for local spirits. The tradition: circle the Ovoo three times clockwise, add a stone, and make a wish. Some travelers also sprinkle a few drops of vodka or milk. Respect the Ovoo — they are not decorations, but sacred places.